DEMATERIALIZED MONIES – NEW MEANS OF PAYMENT

In this paper, we will outline the financial context in which the main means of payment dematerialization occurs. We will present the main characteristics of these new types of dematerialized monies: electronic money, virtual money, digital money, private money, purses and holders.Means of payment, dematerialized monies: electronic, virtual, digital, private, purses and holders

Dematerialized Monies – New Means of Payment

In this paper, we will outline the financial context in which the main means of payment dematerialization occurs. We will present the main characteristics of these new types of dematerialized monies: electronic money, virtual money, digital money, private money, purses and holders.means of payment, dematerialized monies: electronic, virtual, digital, private, purses and holders.

4H-SiC Integrated circuits for high temperature and harsh environment applications

Silicon Carbide (SiC) has received a special attention in the last decades thanks to its superior electrical, mechanical and chemical proprieties. SiC is mostly used for applications where Silicon is limited, becoming a proper material for both unipolar and bipolar power device able to work under high power, high frequency and high temperature conditions. Aside from the outstanding theoretical and practical advantages still to be proved in SiC devices, the need for more accurate models for the design and optimization of these devices, along with the development of integrated circuits (ICs) on SiC is indispensable for the further success of modern power electronics. The design and development of SiC ICs has become a necessity since the high temperature operation of ICs is expected to enable important improvements in aerospace, automotive, energy production and other industrial systems. Due to the last impressive progresses in the manufacturing of high quality SiC substrates, the possibility of developing ICs applications is now feasible. SiC unipolar transistors, such as JFETs and MESFETs show a promising potential for digital ICs operating at high temperature and in harsh environments. The reported ICs on SiC have been realized so far with either a small number of elements, or with a low integration density. Therefore, this work demonstrates that by means of our SiC MESFET technology, multi-stage digital ICs fabrication containing a large number of 4H-SiC devices is feasible, accomplishing some of the most important ICs requirements. The ultimate objective is the development of SiC digital building blocks by transferring the Si CMOS topologies, hence demonstrating that the ICs SiC technology can be an important competitor of the Si ICs technology especially in application fields in which high temperature, high switching speed and harsh environment operations are required. The study starts with the current normally-on SiC MESFET CNM complete analysis of an already fabricated MESFET. It continues with the modeling and fabrication of a new planar-MESFET structure together with new epitaxial resistors specially suited for high temperature and high integration density. A novel device isolation technique never used on SiC before is approached. A fabrication process flow with three metal levels fully compatible with the CMOS technology is defined. An exhaustive experimental characterization at room and high temperature (300ºC) and Spice parameter extractions for both structures are performed. In order to design digital ICs on SiC with the previously developed devices, the current available topologies for normally-on transistors are discussed. The circuits design using Spice modeling, the process technology, the fabrication and the testing of the 4H-SiC MESFET elementary logic gates library at high temperature and high frequencies are performed. The MESFET logic gates behavior up to 300ºC is analyzed. Finally, this library has allowed us implementing complex multi-stage logic circuits with three metal levels and a process flow fully compatible with a CMOS technology. This study demonstrates that the development of important SiC digital blocks by transferring CMOS topologies (such as Master Slave Data Flip-Flop and Data-Reset Flip-Flop) is successfully achieved. Hence, demonstrating that our 4H-SiC MESFET technology enables the fabrication of mixed signal ICs capable to operate at high temperature (300ºC) and high frequencies (300kHz). We consider this study an important step ahead regarding the future ICs developments on SiC. Finally, experimental irradiations were performed on W-Schotthy diodes and mesa-MESFET devices (with the same Schottky gate than the planar SiC MESFET) in order to study their radiation hardness stability. The good radiation endurance of SiC Schottky-gate devices is proven. It is expected that the new developed devices with the same W-Schottky gate, to have a similar behavior in radiation rich environments.Postprint (published version

A COMPARISON OF THE MOST POPULAR ELECTRONIC MICROPAYMENT SYSTEMS

The buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks is known as electronic commerce. In order to reduce the costs of electronic transactions, when one exchanges cheaper goods and services, specific payment protocols must be used. These protocols are actually the foundation for electronic micropayments, which implement simplified and cheaper schemes intended for small value transactions. In this paper we shall present and compare the main characteristics of the most popular micropayment systems used in both face-to-face and remote commerce.e-commerce, micropayment, security, encryption, Chipper, GeldKarte, Mondex, Proton, First Virtual, NetBill, KLELine, Odysseo, MicroMint

SOLUTIONS FOR OPTIMIZING THE DATA PARALLEL PREFIX SUM ALGORITHM USING THE COMPUTE UNIFIED DEVICE ARCHITECTURE

In this paper, we analyze solutions for optimizing the data parallel prefix sum function using the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) that provides a viable solution for accelerating a broad class of applications. The parallel prefix sum function is an essential building block for many data mining algorithms, and therefore its optimization facilitates the whole data mining process. Finally, we benchmark and evaluate the performance of the optimized parallel prefix sum building block in CUDA.CUDA, threads, GPGPU, parallel prefix sum, parallel processing, task synchronization, warp

An analysis of social gaming networks in online and face to face bridge communities

Online social games are Internet-based games that use the social networks formed by players to extend in-game functionality. For example, gamers participating in the BBO Fans community combine online bridge play with social networking. Despite an increase in the popularity of online social gaming—currently, there exist over one million online bridge players—, and of decades of research on social networks, the activity characteristics and the community structure of online social gaming remain relatively unknown. In this work we investigate and contrast these aspects for two bridge communities, BBO Fans (online) and Locomotiva (face to face). We propose the use of playing relationships instead of traditional social relationships such as friends and friends-of-friends. Using long-term, large-scale data we have collected from both the online and face to face bridge communities, we analyze user behavior, social network structure, and playing style in bridge communities. We find many similar characteristics in the two studied communities, but we also find more variation in the activity levels and fewer stable partnerships for the face to face bridge community

INFOCHIOSCURI: EXEMPLE DE BUNE PRACTICI IMPLEMENTATE IN MARILE ORASE ALE LUMII

Administratiile moderne pun pe primul loc in obiectivele lor dezvoltarea serviciilor pentru cetateni, oferirea de informatii de calitate, consistente si actuale, in forme cat mai prietenoase oricarui cetatean, indiferent de nivelul lui de instruire, si deopotriva, crearea instrumentelor necesare participarii active a oricarui cetatean la deciziile administrative si politice care il privesc. Atingerea acestor obiective se bazeaza in mod hotarator pe TIC. In acest context lucrarea prezinta principalele tipuri de infochioscuri care sunt implementate In marile orase ale lumii.orase inteligente, infochiosc

LOCAL LEGAL RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION. PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES

Local legal relations have evolved steadily over the past twenty years, so now we arewitnessing a redefinition of their concept, with the purpose of overcoming the traditionallocal autonomy in recognition of certain international legal capacity of local communities toparticipate in forms of decentralized cooperation.The goal of our research is to identify new actors in the international relations, localcommunities, which under EU law and the Council of Europe acquire certain powers thatwould allow them, at least theoretically, employment among secondary actors on the stage ofinternational law.The study presents an examination of the documents governing international or localcooperation with the ultimate aim to highlight the consequences of these forms ofcooperation, which they produce in the context of administrative decentralization

Tirosyne Kinase Inhibithors (TKIs) in the Treatment of Non –Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), Practical Pharmacological Aspects

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors are new drugs developed in the last decade. For Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer this drug brought more hope for patients with this disease. Also TKIs are better tolerated then chemotherapy. The efficacy of TKIs is dependent of the presence of Epidermal Grows Factor Receptor gene mutation. This mutation account for about 9% of patients with lung cancer in Europe. This short review try to give the minimal knowledge to clinicians, especially medical oncologists, about mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics of TKIs used in the treatment NSCLC. Keywords: Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKI); Non -Small Cell Lung Cancer; Pharmacokinetics aspect

The irrigation system in Brăila – a farmer economic focused approach

In the present context marked by ever increasing global climate changes, the use of irrigations in agriculture represents not only an option but more and more a necessity for ensuring a higher yield of agricultural products whose demand increases every year based on population growth. The present paper focuses on the specific elements of the irrigation systems from Brăila County, the way the farmers have access to and the different implications derived by using these systems. The paper turns to quantitative analysis of available statistical data and qualitative analysis of the interviews with local farmers focused on economic efficiency of the water used for irrigations.